Jest taksonomiczne ułożenie grupy wraz z kluczem bototanicznym
Key to species of subsection Cinerei
1. Plants forming large dense mounds; apical wool (orange)-brown____1. C. gigantea
Plants forming loose groups or solitary; apical wool grey.____2. C. cinerea
2. Stems generally branching basically and/or laterally; ribs up to 26, <2 cm broad, not undulating____3
Stems solitary, very rarely branching laterally; ribs up to 40, <1 cm broad, undulating.
____2c. C. cinerea subsp. columna-alba
3. Stems somewhat pruinose; hair-like spines up to 30 per areole, completely hiding superior part of stem, flexible, some contorted, mostly whitish____2b. C. cinerea subsp. krainziana
Stems heavily pruinose; spine number <10, subulate, straight, generally black and thick.____2a. C. cinerea subsp. cinerea
1. Copiapoa gigantea Backeb. (Backeberg 1936: 104)
Copiapoa haseltoniana Backeb. (Backeberg 1957: 33); Copiapoa cinerea subsp. haseltoniana (Backeb.) N. P. Taylor (1997:
.
Copiapoa eremophila F. Ritter (1980: 1104 – 1105).
Copiapoa tenebrosa F. Ritter (1980: 1098 – 1099).
illustration. Hoffmann & Walter (2004: 134 – 135); Fig. 1A – C.
Plants branching basally and laterally, forming huge mounds up to 2 m diam. and 1 m high; stems elongated cylindrical, up to 25 cm diam., epidermis pale grey-green to grey, ± pruinose; apical wool orange-brown. Roots fascicular. Ribs broad, up to c. 40, tuberculate, notched below areoles. Areoles large, c. 1 cm, round-oval, up to 2 cm apart. Spines all nearly equally long, 2 – 4 cm, thickly acicular, mostly straight, honey-coloured; radials c. 3 – 7, porrect; centrals 0 – 1. Flowers broad funnel-form, pale yellow, 4 – 4.5 cm; bract scales reddish brown, axils naked; external perianth segments often red-tipped; pericarpel somewhat constricted above; nectary broad; ovary compressed. Fruits pale red, oval, 1.5 cm, some scales near rim. Seeds oval to pyriform, c. 1.5 mm; hilum oval, position nearly lateral.
distribution & habitat. Copiapoa gigantea preferably grows on coastal rocky slopes along the Chilean Pacific coast from south of Quebrada Izcuña near Caleta Colorado (24°38'S, 70°33'W) to north of Taltal (25°24'S, 70°28'W) (Fig. 4A).
conservation status. In the taxonomic framework used for the IUCN Red List, this taxon was considered under its synonym Copiapoa cinerea subsp. haseltoniana. Faundez et al. (2013), assessed C. cinerea (circumscription including C. cinerea subsp. cinerea, subsp. columna-alba and subsp. haseltoniana) as LC. Although Hoffmann & Flores (1989) and Hoffmann & Walter (2004) considered this taxon on its own to be VU, the conservation status of C. gigantea has not been assessed using the IUCN criteria (IUCN 2012). The EOO and AOO values (Table 3) indicate that C. gigantea may be considered as EN if conforming to additional conditions listed in Criterion B (IUCN 2012). The species is mainly threatened by construction and expansion of roads (I. Larridon, pers. observ.; P. C. Guerrero, pers. observ.), resulting in a decline of the extent and/or quality of habitat. Although it has large number of individuals, Schulz & Kapitany (1996) & Guerrero et al. (2010, 2012) estimated that overall population trends are negative. The species is currently not protected in situ, although it is conserved in ex situ seed bank and living collections (Larridon et al. 2014).
2. Copiapoa cinerea (Phil.) Britton & Rose (1922: 86); Echinocactus cinereus Phil. (Philippi 1860: 23).
illustration. Hoffmann & Walter (2004: 130 – 133, 152 – 153); Fig. 1D – F.
Plants generally branching laterally and/or basally, sometimes forming loose mounds; stems globose to elongated-cylindrical, up to c. 100 × 18 cm; hard, grey-green, ± pruinose; apical wool white or grey. Roots fibrous. Ribs obtuse, 12 – 26, up to 2 cm broad and up to 1.5 cm high, hardly widened at areoles, slightly tuberculate. Areoles round, <7 mm, grey to black, 1 – 1.5 cm apart. Spines variable, few (<10), usually subulate, generally black, turning grey, straight rarely slightly bent, mostly <3 cm; radials 0 – 6, usually <2 cm; centrals 0 – 4, thicker and somewhat longer. Flowers funnel-form, pale yellow, c. 2.5 – 3.5 cm; interior perianth segments often tipped red, external ones with reddish mid-stripe; a few small pink bract scales only on rim of pericarpel and lower portion of hypanthium, axils naked; pericarpel offset from hypanthium; ovary compressed; nectary large. Fruit pinkish-red, 1 – 1.5 cm, with c. 5 small, red bract scales. Seeds ovoid to c. 1.5 mm; testa smooth; hilum large, narrow oval, position oblique.
distribution & habitat. See subspecies (Fig. 4B – D).
conservation status. According to the IUCN Red List, the conservation status of Copiapoa cinerea (circumscription including C. cinerea subsp. cinerea, subsp. columna-alba and subsp. haseltoniana) is LC (Faundez et al. 2013). Using the species delimitation as accepted by Larridon et al. (2015) and this study, even the total EOO and AOO values (Table 3) for C. cinerea, indicate that it may be considered as EN if conforming to additional conditions listed in Criterion B (IUCN 2012). Although Schulz & Kapitany (1996) and Guerrero et al. (2010, 2012) estimated that, overall population trends are negative due to generally low numbers of seedling recruitment, high percentage of senile individuals, and declining habitat quality, this negative trend is not followed by C. cinerea subsp. columna-alba. As a species therefore, the conservation status can be maintained as LC.
2a. Copiapoa cinerea (Phil.) Britton & Rose subsp. cinerea
Copiapoa cinerea var. albispina F. Ritter (1963: 30).
illustration. Hoffmann & Walter (2004: 130 – 131); Fig. 1D.
Plants branching laterally and basically, sometimes forming clumps. Ribs ≤ 26, broad and deep, scarcely undulating. Perianth segments tipped red, external ones with red mid-stripe. Seeds to 1.5 mm.
distribution & habitat. Copiapoa cinerea subsp. cinerea is found at higher elevations in the region of the Chilean coastal town of Taltal (25°24'S, 70°28'W) (Fig. 4B).
conservation status. Faundez et al. (2013) stated that if Copiapoa cinerea subsp. cinerea were considered as a separate species it would qualify as VU B1a(iii,v). Our calculated EOO and AOO values (Table 3) suggest that the subspecies should be considered as EN instead. The subspecies is currently not protected in situ, although it is conserved in ex situ seed bank and living collections (Larridon et al. 2014).
2b. Copiapoa cinerea subsp. krainziana (F. Ritter) Slaba (1997: 3); Copiapoa krainziana F. Ritter (1963: 30).
Copiapoa krainziana var. scopulina F. Ritter (1963: 30).
illustration. Hoffmann & Walter (2004: 152 – 153); Fig. 1E.
Plants branching, forming loose mounds; stems grey-green often slightly pruinose, to 20 cm diam. Ribs not undulating. Spines thin and numerous, completely hiding superior part of stem, variable in colour and attitude, white to greyish black, porrect to radiating, straight to curved or contorted, finely acicular, flexible, to 3.5 cm.
distribution & habitat. The narrow endemic Copiapoa cinerea subsp. krainziana is restricted to hillsides of the San Ramón Valley and its immediate vicinity located just north of Taltal (25°24'S, 70°28'W) (Fig. 4C).
conservation status. Saldivia et al. (2013) listed the conservation status of Copiapoa cinerea subsp. krainziana (as C. krainziana) as LC. According to our results the conservation status of this taxon can be assessed at least as VU based on its very small AOO (AOO < 20 km2). Besides its very small EOO and AOO (Table 3), the fact that it is only known from two or three adjacent populations that can be considered as a single location, impacts on habitat quality due to drought as a result of global climate change, as well as threats due to illegal plant collecting on the number of mature individuals, it can be assessed as CR (IUCN 2012). Conservation action for this taxon is particularly important because our results suggest elevated inbreeding, and as a narrow endemic it may also experience genetic drift and erosion. Copiapoa cinerea subsp. krainziana should also be monitored closely as ongoing speciation may be limited due to hybridisation with individuals of C. cinerea subsp. cinerea. The subspecies is currently not protected in situ, although it is conserved in ex situ seed bank and living collections (Larridon et al. 2014).
2c. Copiapoa cinerea subsp. columna-alba (F. Ritter) D. R. Hunt (2002: 13); Copiapoa columna-alba F. Ritter (1959: 199 – 200).
Copiapoa columna-alba var. nuda F. Ritter (1980: 1095).
Copiapoa melanohystrix F. Ritter (1980: 1096).
illustration. Hoffmann & Walter (2004: 132 – 133); Fig. 1F.
Plants solitary, rarely branching laterally; ribs to c. 40 (– 50), up to 1 cm broad, flatter, undulating. Perianth segments not tipped red, nor with mid-stripes. Seeds smaller.
distribution & habitat. Copiapoa subsp. columna-alba prefers sandy coastal valleys along the Chilean Pacific coast from south Taltal (25°24'S, 70°28'W) down to the hills north of Chañaral (26°17'S, 70°39'W) (Fig. 4D).
conservation status. The EOO and AOO values (Table 3) indicate that Copiapoa cinerea subsp. columna-alba may be considered as EN if conforming to additional conditions listed in Criterion B (IUCN 2012). However, since this is the subspecies with the largest number of individuals and distribution range, a negative population trend has not been estimated (Schulz & Kapitany 1996; Guerrero et al. 2010, 2012), it occurs in the National Park Pan de Azúcar, and is also conserved in ex situ seed bank and living collections (Larridon et al. 2014), its conservation status can be assessed as LC.
